A total of 470 posts are set to be axed across the country, including around 270 at its facility in Renfewshire.
It is understood other jobs will be lost in Cumbria, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, Bristol and Crawley.
The firm's Chief Executive, Andrew Hunt, said: "Over the last year we have worked hard to rebalance the business, adapting to changing market dynamics and reacting to industry requirements for a low-carbon future.
"Unfortunately, we foresee long-term downturn in certain market sectors which mean the current position is unsustainable.
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"It is with much regret that we now have to enter into the statutory consultation period on redundancies.
"This is particularly difficult for a company which places great importance on staff development and we will do our utmost to support our colleagues during this period of change."
Unite regional officer, Alison MacLean, said the organisation was "angered and dismayed" by the company's decision to begin consultations "with virtually no notice to the union" and providing no details of where it wants to make changes.
"Pushing ahead with this consultation at this time of year is particularly distressing for our members," she said.
"We will be seeking an early meeting with the company to get the information our members need and to ensure that their employment rights are fully protected."
Finance Secretary Derek Mackay added: "I am extremely disappointed and saddened to hear of the news that Doosan Babcock in Renfrew is to close. My thoughts are with the workers, who now face an uncertain future.
"As constituency MSP I was given no notice by the company. I will be engaging with the company urgently and the Scottish Government will be doing all we can to assist in this extremely difficult time."
(LM)
